Hydrangea macrophylla, commonly known as the bigleaf hydrangea, is one of the most beloved flowering shrubs in gardens worldwide. Known for its bold foliage, spectacular clusters of blossoms, and the ability to change color depending on soil pH, Hydrangea macrophylla combines elegance and versatility like no other plant. Whether you are a beginner gardener or a seasoned horticulturist, this guide will take you through everything you need to know about growing, caring for, and enjoying this captivating plant.
Overview of Hydrangea Macrophylla
Hydrangea macrophylla is native to Japan and has been cultivated for centuries as both an ornamental and a cultural symbol. Today, it thrives in gardens across Europe, North America, and Asia, cherished for its lush blooms and adaptability.
When discussing Hydrangea macrophylla, it’s important to understand its basic features, which set it apart from other hydrangea species.
Botanical Name
The scientific name of the bigleaf hydrangea is Hydrangea macrophylla, belonging to the Hydrangeaceae family.
Zones
This hydrangea typically thrives in USDA hardiness zones 5 through 9, making it suitable for a wide range of climates.
Height and Spread
Mature shrubs usually grow between 3 and 6 feet tall, with an equally wide spread. Dwarf cultivars remain more compact, ideal for containers or small gardens.
Exposure
Hydrangea macrophylla prefers partial shade, particularly morning sun with afternoon shade. Too much sun can scorch the leaves, while too much shade may reduce flowering.
Bloom Time
Depending on the variety and climate, Hydrangea macrophylla blooms from early summer to late fall. Reblooming cultivars extend the flowering season.
Growth Habit
Bigleaf hydrangeas have a rounded, mounding growth habit. They produce woody stems that support lush foliage and large blooms.
Flowers
The most striking feature of Hydrangea macrophylla is its flowers. They can be mophead (large, rounded clusters) or lacecap (flatter blooms with fertile flowers in the center and showy sterile flowers around the edge).
Foliage
The foliage is rich green, broad, and glossy, providing a perfect backdrop for the colorful blossoms.
Are Bigleaf Hydrangeas Poisonous?
Yes, Hydrangea macrophylla contains cyanogenic glycosides, which can be toxic if ingested by pets or humans in large amounts.
Are Bigleaf Hydrangeas Deer Resistant?
They are moderately resistant to deer, but in times of food scarcity, deer may still browse on young shoots.
Types of Hydrangea Macrophylla
Hydrangea macrophylla exists in two main types, with multiple cultivars under each category.
Mophead Hydrangeas
Mopheads are the most recognized type, with large globe-shaped flower heads that can be blue, pink, or purple depending on soil conditions. Cultivars such as ‘Nikko Blue’ and ‘Endless Summer’ are classics.
Lacecap Hydrangeas
Lacecaps have delicate, flat-topped flowers resembling lace doilies. They provide a more understated beauty and are prized for their elegance. Varieties like ‘Blue Wave’ are garden favorites.
Reblooming Varieties
Modern hybrids like the Endless Summer series can flower on both old and new wood, ensuring blossoms throughout the growing season.
Dwarf Varieties
Compact cultivars such as ‘Cityline Paris’ are bred for small gardens and container planting, making Hydrangea macrophylla accessible to urban gardeners.
Planting Hydrangea Macrophylla
Growing Hydrangea macrophylla begins with proper planting. The right start ensures decades of flourishing growth.
When to Plant Hydrangeas
The best times to plant Hydrangea macrophylla are spring and fall. In spring, the soil is warming, while fall planting allows roots to establish before winter.
Where to Plant Hydrangeas
Choose a site with partial sun, rich soil, and good drainage. Avoid areas with strong winds, which can damage delicate blossoms.
How to Plant Hydrangeas
Dig a hole twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball.
Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the crown is level with the soil surface.
Backfill with a mix of garden soil and compost.
Water thoroughly to settle the soil.
Planting Hydrangeas in Pots
Container planting is ideal for Hydrangea macrophylla. Use large pots with drainage holes and a rich, well-draining potting mix. Water regularly, as potted plants dry out faster.
Caring for Hydrangea Macrophylla
Hydrangea macrophylla is relatively low-maintenance but does require consistent care for best results.
Temperature
This plant enjoys mild climates and struggles in extreme heat or cold. Mulching helps regulate soil temperature.
Soil
Moist, loamy soil enriched with organic matter is ideal for Hydrangea macrophylla. Avoid heavy clay or overly sandy soils unless amended.
Soil pH and Flower Color
Hydrangea macrophylla is famous for its ability to change bloom color:
Acidic soil (pH below 6) produces blue flowers.
Neutral to alkaline soil (pH 6.5–7.5) produces pink flowers.
Soil amendments like aluminum sulfate (for blue) or garden lime (for pink) can adjust colors.
Amendments and Fertilizer
Fertilize twice yearly: once in early spring and again after the first flush of blooms. A balanced, slow-release fertilizer works best.
Water Requirements
Hydrangea macrophylla thrives in consistently moist soil. Water deeply once or twice a week, especially during dry periods.
How to Prune Hydrangea Macrophylla
Pruning depends on the variety.
Traditional varieties bloom on old wood, so prune only dead stems after flowering.
Reblooming varieties can tolerate light pruning in spring.
Pests and Diseases
Common pests include aphids, spider mites, and scale insects. Diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot may occur in damp conditions. Proper spacing and airflow help prevent problems.
Varieties of Hydrangea Macrophylla
There are hundreds of cultivars, each offering unique features.
‘Nikko Blue’: Classic mophead with rich blue flowers in acidic soils.
‘Endless Summer’: Reblooming variety, offering blossoms throughout the season.
‘Cityline Paris’: Compact, vibrant red blooms ideal for containers.
‘Blue Wave’: A lacecap with stunning blue blooms.
‘Mariesii Variegata’: Known for variegated foliage and lacecap flowers.
Each variety brings unique charm to gardens, from cottage-style plantings to modern landscapes.
Landscaping with Hydrangea Macrophylla
Hydrangea macrophylla is as versatile as it is beautiful. It works well as a focal point, in borders, or in mass plantings.
Companion Plants
Pair Hydrangea macrophylla with ferns, hostas, or astilbes for a lush, layered look. Evergreen shrubs can provide year-round structure.
Seasonal Appeal
While famous for summer blooms, Hydrangea macrophylla also provides fall interest as flowers fade to vintage hues. Dried flower heads add winter charm.
Container Design
Compact varieties shine in containers, bringing color to patios and balconies. Combine with trailing ivy or ornamental grasses for texture.
Historical and Cultural Significance
Hydrangea macrophylla has deep roots in Japanese culture, where it symbolizes gratitude, apology, and heartfelt emotion. In Europe, it became a staple of Victorian gardens, admired for its extravagant flowers. Today, it remains a symbol of beauty and abundance.
Conclusion
Hydrangea macrophylla is more than just a flowering shrub—it is a statement of elegance, history, and adaptability. With its ability to transform colors, rebloom, and thrive in a variety of landscapes, it deserves a place in every garden. Whether planted in borders, containers, or as a single showpiece, Hydrangea macrophylla will reward gardeners with years of beauty.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I make Hydrangea macrophylla flowers blue?
Adjust soil pH to below 6 by adding aluminum sulfate; consistent application ensures vibrant blue blooms.
Can Hydrangea macrophylla grow indoors?
It can survive in containers indoors temporarily but prefers outdoor conditions for long-term growth.
Should I deadhead Hydrangea macrophylla?
Yes, removing spent blooms encourages new flowers and keeps the plant looking neat.
How long do Hydrangea macrophylla plants live?
With proper care, they can live 50 years or more, making them long-term garden investments.
Do I need to protect Hydrangea macrophylla in winter?
In colder regions, mulch heavily around the base and cover plants with burlap to protect buds.
How do hydrangeas like sun or shade?
Hydrangeas prefer morning sun and afternoon shade. Too much direct sun can scorch leaves, while deep shade may reduce flowering. Partial sun ensures vibrant blooms and healthy foliage.
What is the common name for Hydrangea macrophylla?
Hydrangea macrophylla is commonly called bigleaf hydrangea, mophead, Japanese hydrangea, or French hydrangea, depending on the flower type and region.
Where is the best place to grow hydrangeas?
Plant hydrangeas in well-drained soil with partial sun. Morning sun with afternoon shade is ideal, and a sheltered location protects blooms from wind and extreme temperatures.
How long do hydrangeas last?
With proper care, hydrangeas can live for decades. Bigleaf hydrangeas typically last 30–50 years, providing long-term beauty and seasonal color in gardens or containers.
How should I care for my potted hydrangea?
Use a large container with drainage holes, high-quality potting mix, and regular watering. Fertilize in early spring and mid-season, and ensure partial sun exposure for optimal blooms.
How many times a year do hydrangeas bloom?
Traditional Hydrangea macrophylla bloom once on old wood, while reblooming varieties can flower twice or more, extending the season from early summer through fall.
Why do hydrangeas wilt?
Wilting often occurs due to insufficient water, extreme heat, or root stress. Deep, consistent watering and mulching help hydrangeas recover and maintain healthy blooms.
Can I plant hydrangeas indoors?
Hydrangeas can survive indoors temporarily in containers but thrive outdoors. Adequate light, humidity, and space are necessary for long-term growth and flowering.
What is the spiritual meaning of hydrangeas?
Hydrangeas symbolize gratitude, heartfelt emotion, and abundance. In some cultures, they also represent apology, understanding, and enlightenment, making them popular in gardens and ceremonial uses.
How do I take hydrangea cuttings?
Take softwood cuttings in spring or early summer. Trim 4–6 inches of a healthy stem, remove lower leaves, dip in rooting hormone, and plant in moist, well-draining soil until roots establish.
What is the life cycle of hydrangeas?
Hydrangeas grow seasonally: bud development in spring, flowering in summer, fading in fall, and dormancy in winter. With proper care, the cycle repeats yearly for decades.
How do you look after a macrophylla hydrangea?
Provide partial sun, consistent moisture, and fertile soil. Mulch, prune spent flowers lightly, and monitor for pests or disease. Adjust soil pH to influence flower color if desired.
Where is the best place to plant a Hydrangea macrophylla?
Choose a location with morning sun and afternoon shade, rich, well-drained soil, and protection from harsh winds. Near a building or fence works well for winter protection.
Do you prune Hydrangea macrophylla?
Yes, prune lightly after flowering, removing dead stems and shaping the shrub. Reblooming varieties can tolerate minor spring pruning. Avoid heavy cuts to preserve next year’s blooms.
What is the 1-3 rule for hydrangeas?
The 1-3 rule helps with watering: provide 1 inch of water per week per 3 feet of plant height. Adjust watering in dry or hot conditions to maintain soil moisture without waterlogging.
